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Societal Factors Constraining the Application of Advances in Biological Sciences for Controlling COVID-19 and Mosquito and Tick-Borne Diseases

Ranjan Ramasamy

While many advances in biological sciences have been applied in medicine, agriculture and industry with great benefit, some recent trends in society, governance structures and communications, appear to be hampering the use of new scientific findings for controlling infectious diseases. These limitations are illustrated with examples related to (i) the adaptation of fresh water mosquito vectors of major arboviral diseases to salinity in coastal areas with consequences for disease transmission, (ii) under-standing the implications of reduced dengue transmission during the COVID-19 lockdown for dengue control, (iii) causes un-derlying the rapid spread of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in South Asia and Africa, (iv) the application of serodiagnostic techniques for Lyme disease and tick-borne relapsing fever caused by tick-borne bacteria of the genus Borrelia, and (v) COVID-19 prevention.